Wednesday, January 19, 2022

जोखिम लगानीकर्ताको, फाइदा सरकारलाई

 बैक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाको आर्थिक वर्ष २०७७-०७८को अपरिष्कृत वित्तीय विवरणअनुसार गत आवमा बैकहरुले ९०.८८ अर्ब रुपैयाँ सञ्चालन नाफा कमाएका छन् । जसमा सरकारलाई तिर्ने विभिन्न प्रत्यक्ष करलगायत काटेर ६३.३७ अर्ब खुद मुनाफा छ । तर, उक्त नाफाबाट लाभांशको रूपमा लगानीकर्तालाई करिब ४८.५८ अर्ब वितरित भयो । त्यसमध्ये पनि करिब ४१.२५ अर्ब बोनस सेयर रहेको छ भने नगद लाभांश भनिएको ७.३३ अर्बबाट लाभांश कर कटाउँदा लगानीकर्ताले करिब ४.९ अर्बमात्र पाए ।

यसरी तथ्यांक हेर्दा बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थामा जोखिम मोलेर लगानी गर्ने प्रबद्र्धक तथा साधारण सेयरधनीले भन्दा सरकारले बढी प्रतिफल पाउने गरेको पाइन्छ ।

तर, बजारमा भने बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाले धेरै नाफा कमाए । महामारीमा पनि बैंकहरुले कसरी नाफा कमाए भन्ने इष्र्यामिश्रित आश्चर्यका प्रश्नहरु सबै बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाहरुमाथि उठिरहन्छ । जसका कारण नाफा कमाउनु नै अपराध हो कि भनेझैं मान्यता स्थापित गर्न खोजिएको देखिएको एक बैंकरले कारोबारलाई बताए । ‘नाफा नगरे कसरी सरकारलाई कर बुझाउने अनि जोखिम मोलेर लगानी गर्ने ? लगानीकर्तालाई के दिने ?’ उनी प्रश्न गर्दछन् ।

तर, के बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थामा प्रबद्र्धकदेखि साधारण सेयरधनी लगानीकर्ताले बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थामा जोखिम मोलेर लगानी गरेबापत अचाक्ली नै प्रतिफल पाएका छन् त ?

मानौं, कुनै बैंकले १०० रुपैयाँ कुल नाफा कमायो, उसले पहिला त्यो नाफाबाट १० रुपैयाँ कर्मचारीलाई बोनस छुट्याउँछ । त्यसपछि बाँकी ९० रुपैयाँमा सरकारलाई ३० प्रतिशत कर बुझाउँछ, जसमा २७ रुपैयाँ हाराहारी जान्छ । त्यसपछि १०० रुपैयाँ कुल नाफामा ६३ रुपैयाँ चानचुन बाँकी रहन्छ । त्यो ६३ रुपैयाँबाट एक प्रतिशत सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्वका लागि छुट्याएपछि बाँकी ६२.२७ नाफा सिद्धान्ततः लगानीकर्ताको हो । तर, व्यवहारमा भने नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंकले तोेकेका अन्य नियामकीय तथा प्रुडेन्सियल बैंकिङको लागी चाहिने विविध रकम फेरि त्यो करिब ६३ रुपैयाँबाट छुट्याउनुपर्छ । त्यसपछि मात्रै लगानीकर्ताले जोखिम मोलेर गरेको आफ्नो लगानीकोे प्रतिफल पाउँछन् । सरकारले पाउने अझ लाभांश कर तथा ब्याजकरलगायतको अप्रत्यक्ष करको हिसाब गर्दा जोखिम जति लगानीकर्तालाई तथा फाइदा जति सरकारलाई हुने व्यवसायलाई नेपालमा बैंकिङ भनिन्छ ।

किनकि, बाँड्न मिल्ने प्रतिफलबाट पनि बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाको जोखिम कम गर्न एवं अन्य नियामकीय व्यवस्थाअन्तर्गत नाफाबाट केही रकम अझै छुट्याउनुपर्छ । जुन रकम बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थालाई बलियो तथा जोखिमरहित बनाउन हो । तर, पछिल्लो दुई वर्षमा राष्ट्र बैंकले नगद लाभांशलाई दुरुत्साहन गरेपछि बोनस सेयरको नाममा नाफा पुँजीकृत हुँदै गएको छ । एकातिर नाफामा नै संकुचन आउनु अर्कोतिर राष्ट्र बैंकले व्यवस्था गरेअनुरुप बोनस सेयर थपेर पुँजीकृत गर्दै जानुपर्ने बाध्यताले पनि बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थालाई आफ्नो व्यवसाय विस्तार गर्न दबाब बढेको छ ।

पछिल्लो वर्ष बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाले आक्रामक कर्जा विस्तार गर्नुमा बोनस सेयर पुँजीकृत गर्नुपर्ने बाध्यता तथा अन्य क्षेत्र सुस्ताएका कारण बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थासँग लगानीयोग्य तरलता बढी भएर हो । नेपाल बैंकर्स संघका निवर्तमान अध्यक्ष भुवन दाहालका अनुसार गत आवमा कर्जा विस्तार हुनुमा बजारमा अत्यधिक लगानीयोग्य तरलता रहेको हो । तर, लगानी बढे पनि हरेक वर्ष बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्थाका लगानीकर्ताले पाउने प्रतिफल भने घट्दै गइरहेको उनको भनाइ छ ।

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